English for Academic Purposes

Academic vocabulary

Academic English has its own vocabulary and you will encounter certain words at university or in other academic contexts that are not seen elsewhere. For example:

Essay, dissertation, thesis, theses, references, bibliography, referencing system, Harvard system, footnotes

Appendix, appendices, introduction, main body, conclusion, argument, thesis statement, paragraph,

Submission, deadline, extension, module, finals

Degree, bachelors degree, Masters degree, doctorate, PhD

Lecturer, researcher, professor, tutor

Lecture, seminar, halls of residence, students' union

Semester, term

When using the English language for academic purposes it is more important than ever to ensure grammar, spelling, punctuation and style are all correct. Academic writing uses formal language and academic essays follow a special pattern in structure.

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Academic Writing

Essays, Dissertations and Theses

Introduction

An academic essay will always begin with an introduction. This is a paragraph (or multiple paragraphs for a longer academic piece) that introduces your topic and the main themes that it will cover. The introductory paragraph/s always end with your thesis statement, that is, the research question that you are going to be examining in the essay. This statement will tell the reader exactly what you will be trying to find out or explore in your essay.

The Literature Review

In a longer piece of academic research, after the introduction comes the literary review. The literary review is a review of the important literary that has already been published on your subject. The main points that have already been discovered and the most important writers writing about you topic should be included here. You should also state how your work will fit into existing research, complement it and expand current knowledge on the subject.

The main body of your essay

If your academic essay is shorter, your literary review will be shorter or you may assess other work within the main body of you essay, which is the next part. The main body of your essay is where you start to examine your ideas in relation to other work and really get into developing your argument. The length of this main section will depend on your exact assignment and the aims of your research; it could range in length from three or four paragraphs to many chapters. In any case, each paragraph should build on the previous paragraph and keep relevant to your thesis statement, each section addressing different issues that relate to the main focus of the essay: your thesis.

Conclusion

The conclusion will summarise the findings in your essay and relate them back to your introduction, explaining how you have succeeded in your aims and answering (if an answer is possible) your original thesis statement/question. Often, an essay will not have an answer as such, and your conclusion instead will simply bring together your findings and offer some kind of closure, even if the closure is posing of another related question or the conclusion that no answer is possible.

Appendices

The appendix, or appendices if more than one, is where you put all of your supporting materials, such as interview transcripts, graphs, charts and any further information that is relevant to your essay but not included in the main body.